Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example Good leadership enhances the performance of the organization and vice versa. Thus in addition to developing their business plans effectively, the organizations are placing great emphasis on the leadership models that they adopt. Customer needs are currently very dynamic in nature. To address these in an effective manner, organizational leaders are equipping themselves with the relevant knowledge and skills. A host of critical information is sourced from market researches that are undertaken on a wide range. Based on these, the respective leaders are able to make informed decisions regarding the specific needs of the clients and how these can be met with ease. At this point, it cannot be disputed that customization of products is at the core of effective performance in the highly competitive market. Of great importance however is the role of strategic management. Seemingly, a significant percentage of the leaders are relying on organizational strategic plans to meet their goals. Usual ly, these are reflective of the short term as well as long term objectives of a given organization. Besides being based on market current market researches, organizational strategic plans are also greatly informed by the existing theoretical and conceptual models. Considering the fact that these are objective, they usually offer useful insights with respect to how an organization’s management strategy can help it in attaining and maintaining optimal performance. Ideally, organizational strategic plans need to be comprehensive and consistent with the mission and vision of the organization. They provide step wise processes that the organization employs in meeting its goals and objectives. It is against this background that this paper provides a critical evaluation of the Design school strategic management model. To enhance a harmonic consideration, it begins by underscoring the importance of strategic management models. It then proceeds to describing this particular model and t hen offers a detailed critique of its role in strategic management. General Discussion: The Role of Models in Strategic Management As indicated earlier, the corporate environment has changed dramatically the recent past. Not only has it increased in terms of complexity, but it has also increasingly become dynamic. This according to Chan and Renee (2005, p. 54) is attributable to a host of factors including globalization and the characteristic free movement of goods and information. This has in return compelled organizations to adopt approaches that can enable them to not only survive but to also thrive in the highly competitive environment. One of the approaches that most organizations have undertaken is to align their strategies to the objective provisions of the strategic management theories and models. Strategic management models have been tested over time and proven to be effective in guiding organizational performance. When applied accordingly, they can enable an organization t o face the modern challenges and address them with ease. Fundamentally, they contribute significantly to improved organizational performance. In his research, Alvesson (1996, p. 146) indicates that just like theories, models are abstract and do not contain content specific data or information. For this reason, they can be applied in different situations to resolve emergent organizational problems. Although they are not

Protocol on Assessing and Treating Autism Essay Example for Free

Protocol on Assessing and Treating Autism Essay Introduction Autism has been the focal point of extensive study and contentious debate. Issues pertaining to its etiology, classification, treatment, and education prolong to maneuver those who come into contact with this exigent disorder.   In a contemporary perspective, clinical practitioners used the term to describe a withdrawal into fantasy in schizophrenia.   Characteristics of autism, such as avoiding the gaze of others and showing no detection of a parents absence, continue to be viewed as archetypal symptoms—writers later described this communal dearth as withdrawal. Thus, despite all these, there has been overpowering sighting on autistic individuals; scholars resolute that children with autism had good cognitive potentialities. This then gave a spark of hope to parents and later scoured for means to at least try preventing the child from becoming autistic during his or her adulthood (Sicile-Kira, 2004). Autism: In a Broad Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autism is described as multifaceted neurobehavioral disarray which is distinguished by mutilation in shared societal relations, communication impairment, and the existence of monotonous and typical prototypes of action, wellbeing, and activities. Basically, symptoms occur in the age bracket of three years and below, thus the severity of the medical impairment varies dependent on the diagnoses and on to what doctors would define as its â€Å"spectrum.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children with autism may be initially hard to distinguish since that the cases of autism are similar to that of the actions pf a normal infant (Ami Klin, Schultz, Volkmar, 2003).   Thus, it ranges on the verity of social interaction and the ability to express emotions that the distinction is then patterned.   As a matter of fact, language and communication deficits are also considered as stereotypical factors, hence not undermining the possibility of being a â€Å"late bloomer.† However, unlike the previous centuries where autism has been treated as a genetically acquired and inevitable to cure impairment, studies and researches have shown that there are far more better means and   a series of protocols to help treat autism in the verge of its early years to not only help the child   but also give light to its families as well (Treatment, 2008). Behavioral Approach Behavioral and didactic interferences have turn out to be the principal approach for treating individuals with autism. It includes operant conditioning, respondent (Pavlovian) conditioning, and cognitive approaches.   Basically, it involves a reinforcer and a punisher.   In this sense, the key players in the treatment process and similar to that of Ivan Pavlov’s theory, the student shall learn the essence of following the reinforcer so as not to be punished. Cognitive Developmental Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the behavioral factors that have been brought upon by scholars and medical practitioners, the neurodevelopmental differences were also observed to be an underpinning to the whirlwinds of autism.   These are considered because of the following reasons: firstly, autism is a varied turmoil and is prone to have manifold potential etiologies; secondly, structural neuro studies have specified an array of dispersed anatomical dissimilarities, thus weighty to that of an untimely developmental transformation in the expansion or pruning of neural tissue.   Further, relatively than contained abrasions; similarly, neurochemical researches advise early, neuromodulatory incongruities better than sickening or localized idiosyncrasies.   And lastly, numerous boundaries on studies of neurologically involved activities that to date disqualify definitive answers to questions of how the brain functions and responds differently in autism. Medical Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Detecting autism earlier using new approach—this is the proposed strategy posted in me Medical News Today compliant to that of a press release of psychologists and psychiatrists in the University of New South Wales.   By this means, it is said that it is an up-to-date way of understanding the autistic inclined disorder through the collaboration of psychological and biological factors which are most likely to lead to conditions that are medically curable. Enactive Mind Protocol: Actions to Cognition Level of evidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the increasing demand of resolving the magnitude of discrepancy upon understanding the pathophysiology of autism as transcribed in newer techniques, researches have been made to document and decipher the answer to the social discrepancy of these individuals.  Ã‚   The EM protocol instigated from the work on ‘embodied cognitive science’—a neuroscience scaffold that drafts cognition as physical occurrences ensued as a product of an organism’s adaptive behaviour upon significant facets of the contiguous atmosphere. Perceivably, such offers a developmental premise of autism in which the progression of gaining of personified societal cognition is overturned prematurely, as an effect of condensed salience of social spur and parallel passing of generally extraneous aspects of the setting (Ami Klin et al., 2003). Ease of use   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perceivably, two of the most intriguing puzzles posed by autistic individuals are their social reasoning discrepancy and their failure to do naturalistic actions on normal situations.   Such distinction in character pounds them to the cognitive deficit of being different thus with the help of EM will then teach them better reasoning skills, which will have an impact on their real-life and communicative competence.   Further, the fact that these individuals have several cognitive, linguistic, knowledge-based and potentially useful vocational assets—but consequently in the contrary finding social situations challenging—would serve as their strength which will help them compensate their autism, and EM will help make it easier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For individuals with autism, however, the topology of salience, defined as the foveal elicitation of socially relevant stimuli—exemplified in eye-tracking tests and in studies of preferential attention to social versus non-social entities. If corroborated in larger studies, this finding would point to a major disruption in a highly conserved skill that is thought to be a core ability underlying social engagement and, subsequently, the capacity to attribute intentionality to others. The EM approach early social predispositions are thought to create the basis and the impetus for the subsequent emergence of mental representations that, because of their inseparability from social action, retain their adaptive value (Ami Klin et al., 2003). Barriers to implementation In contrary though, when an effectual interference protocol is executed at as juvenile an age as possible, it is most likely to create a vast distinction in the childs upshot and height of functioning later on in his or her adulthood.   The kit is to be in an array of books, medicine and other materials which have been compiled by distinguished medical practitioners who have been focusing on looking for means to treat autism. The risk points out however, that the â€Å"social interaction tests† in this protocol may not hold hard evidence on determining a child from being autistic or the otherwise. But then again, even though the protocol is risky, giving the task to parents or guardians, it may help the general public save time and save money for that matter. Rationale I chose this protocol for the reason that several studies have been documented similar to such and therefore, its level of evidence and feasibility in assessing and treating autism is valuable.   We have learned that these characteristics—counting, tapping, flicking, or repetitively reiterating words—and habitual behaviors including as an inflexible observance to usual and an obvious struggle to change—are the most explicit signs of autism in a child.   In essence, medical teams and concerned parents of these children are collaborating together to find the most efficient and effective protocol in treating autism before it becomes worse in the later life of any autistic child’s life (Simmons, 2007).   Most importantly, these new protocols are characterized to be â€Å"out-of-the-box† since that it does not only focus on the potency of â€Å"psychological† instances but it has dwelled more on tangible factors which are then easier to dist inguish. The provisions of information and supplements to assist parents of young children who have been lately found to be within the autism gamut hastily put into practice an intercession course which is believed to bridge a treatment for autism (Ami Klin et al., 2003).   Such protocol has profited a considerable proportion of brood within the vortex of the issue.   Further, it is a sarcasm to articulate that it is overpowering to obtain a distressing judgment of autism and then to try to speedily establish a course of action to facilitate the medical challenge. Conclusions and further remarks Efficiency of the protocol, evaluation on the possible gaps, barriers to implementation—these are perceivably the astounding thoughts that may sprout in the midst of these shared and introduced protocols.   Thus, the sheer actuality that science is always open to new ordeals is an assurance that there is always hope in anything.   Even though these questions continue to be clouded by polemics, the results from systematic groups, as well as from classrooms all the way through the country point toward those constructive efforts to instruct students with autism can and do work (Sicile-Kira, 2004).   In a like manner, the field of autism and developmental disabilities is beginning to recognize that the questions asked in the past may need to be changed. There is an increasing identification of values such as enclosure, preference, and self-determination from mischief, and these are now being integrated into programs that concern the issue on assessing and treating autism.   Protocols serve as proof that the challenge is well taken. References Ami Klin, W. J., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F. (2003). The Enactive Mind, or from Actions to Cognition: Lessons from Autism. Journal, 358(1430). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558147 Mehl-Madrona, L. (2008). Imaging Children with ADHD: MRI Technology Reveals Differences in Neuro-signaling. Journal. Retrieved from http://www.healing-arts.org/children/ Sicile-Kira, C. (2004). Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Complete Guide to Understanding Autism, Aspergers Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and Other ASDs. New York, NY: Perigee Trade. Simmons, K. (2007). Autism Treatments. Journal. Retrieved from http://www.autismtoday.com/alternative_options.htm The Association for Science in Autism Treatment   (2008). About Autism. Journal. Retrieved from www.asatonline.org

Jim Jarmusch’s Unique Western Film, Deadman :: Movie Film Essays

Jim Jarmusch’s Unique Western Film, Deadman In Jim Jarmusch’s Dead Man, he pays homage to the classic style of western films while taking his own eccentric take that puts the film in a league of its own. With a combination of elements related to the western genre and a genre Jarmusch creates all on his own, the viewer can begin to explore and appreciate the unique film, Dead Man. Although the scenery of isolated towns, mystic rivers, and endless forests is consistent with the western genre, the philosophical tone of the movie is not. The philosophy of a true western film deals a character fighting with guns to maintain honor (and of course order and justice). He kills because he has to and that is the end of it. In Dead Man, William Blake appears to be doing the same thing. He begins to use his gun for survival, but it is different. The gun actually stands for something in the film. Blake becomes a poet by the use of his gun, which mirrors the legendary American poet whose name he shares. The guns show how disgusting it is in American society to kill and Jarmusch doesn’t glamorize it in the way that Hollywood blockbusters about violence do. Further exploring the similarities on the surface, a true western always has the same type of characters and props. Blake is shown in the same outfit throughout the film much like the one outfit that a westerner wears. Blake encounters a whore in the town who is not opposed to the usage of guns, which also goes along with a whore’s values in a true western film. The town of Machine is desolate, dirty, and ruled by guns. In western movies there is always a dirty town with the same characteristics. All of those similarities are not used in the same way, however; they are used as tools to give this surface western a deeper meaning that no true western film ever explored. The themes are pessimistic as they deal with death and afterlife, rather than hope and rebirth. The killings in the movie mock the way people are killed in westerns. Blake doesn’t kill to protect his honor; he kills to survive and in turn mocks the system. Another thing that Jarmusch is mocking by using the western genre as a medium is the treatment of Native Americans. Nobody talks about how he was rejected by whites, and then rejected by his own people by growing up in the white society.

A Comparison of the Merits of using Software or Hardware Transactional Memory, against Traditional ‘Semaphore’ Locking

1. IntroductionTransactional memory is poised to take parallel programming a step higher by making it more efficient and much easier to achieve, compared to traditional ‘semaphore’ locking. This is because transactional memory is easier to handle when tasks are divided into several free threads, especially when these threads do not have common access to data. This implies that each section can operate on a processor core and that there is no connection between cores. It can be challenging when different task sections are not totally free – that is, several threads are forced to upgrade a singly shared value. The traditional approach to this utilizes locks and every time that a thread changes a shared value, it requires a lock. In this case, it is not possible for any other thread to receive the lock if another thread possesses it. Instead, the thread must wait until the thread that has the lock can change the shared value. This is likely to require a complex comp utation, and to take an extended amount of time before eventually releasing the lock (Bright, 2011). The release of the lock allows the waiting thread to continue. While this is an effective system, it faces several major challenges. A key issues concerns updates to the shared value that occurs occasionally; therefore, making it rare for a thread to wait at ‘no time’ – the state in which the lock based system can be efficient (Alexandrescu, 2004). Nonetheless, this efficiency commonly disappears every time updates to the shared value are made. Threads take too much time waiting for a lock to appear and are unable to provide any use when in this state.2.Lock vs. Lock Free Data StructuresWhile it may seem easy to handle a singly shared value, locks are difficult to use correctly and this is a challenge faced in real programs. For instance, a program with dual locks 1 and 2 is likely to encounter a problem called a ‘deadlock’. A deadlock is a case wher eby two threads require two locks and only have the option of acquiring lock 1 then 2, or 2 followed by 1. As long as each thread needs the lock in the same order this will not present any issues; however, if one thread needs lock 1 and the other requires lock 2 at the same time, this can cause a deadlock. In this situation, the first thread waits for lock 2 to become free and the second waits for 1 to be free. This exchange makes it difficult for both to succeed and results in a deadlock. This issue might appear to be preventable and only likely to occur when a program has dual locks; however, it can become a challenge to ensure each section performs the right function when this becomes more complex.3. Transactional MemoryIt can argued that transactional memory can solve the problem of lock conflicts. In this case of a deadlock, the programmers could mark the sections of their programs which change the shared data, so that each of the marked blocks is implemented within a transact ion. This means that either the whole block executes, or none of it does. The program can therefore identify the shared value without locking it. This allows for the program to conduct all the necessary operations and write back the value, eventually committing the transaction (Bright, 2011). The key transaction occurs with the commit operation in which transactional memory system ascertains that shared data has been changed after the commencement of an operation. If this is not identified then the commit updates, allowing the thread to go ahead with its function. In case the shared value has not been modified, the transaction stops and the function of the thread is rolled back (Detlefs et al., 2001). In this instance, the program retries the operation. It can be seen, therefore, transactional memory has several merits over traditional semaphore locking. For example, transactional memory is optimistic; this infers that the threads are positioned to succeed and do not look forward to acquiring a lock. This is in case the other thread makes an attempt to conduct a concurrent operation (Detlefs et al., 2001). In an instance of concurrent modifications occurs when a single thread is forced to retry its function. In addition to this, there are no deadlocks in transactional memory. Transactional memory is a programming approach that programmers are familiar with; the transaction and rollback process is not new to those who have handled relational databases because they offer a similar set of features. Nonetheless, blocks facilitate the ease of developing large programs that are correct (Alexandrescu, 2004). Blocks with nested atomic blocks will perform the correct function, although this is not true in the case of lock-based data structur es.4.Merits of the HardwareThere has been little attention given towards hardware compared to software-based implementations. It has also been noted that most real processors seldom support transactional memory and, therefore, modifications are necessary (Maged, 2004). However, there are systems that use virtual machines to undertake their primary function and in this regard there are changes for the .NET and Java virtual machines (Bright, 2011). In other cases, systems use native codes that require certain special operations to allow access to the shared data. This enables the transactional memory software to ascertain that the right operations have occurred in the background. Such implementations have the advantages of ensuring that the programs that are produced are bug-free (Detlefs et al., 2001). The data in cache contains a version tag whereas the cache itself can maintain many versions of the same data. The software sends a signal to the processor to commence a transaction and performs the necessary action. This then signals the processor to commit the work. If other threads have changed the data, resulting in many versions, the cache will refuse the transaction and the software will be forced to try again. Should other versions not be created, then the data is committed (Bright, 2011). This facility is also applicable for speculative execution. A thread can commence execution with data available, whereas speculatively conducting important work – instead of waiting for upgraded versions of all data needed – might mean waiting for additional cores to complete computation (Alexandrescu, 2004). If the data was upgraded, then the work that is committed provides a performance boost; the work had been completed before the delivery of the final value. Should the data turn out to be stale, then the speculative work is rejected and re-deployed with the correct value (Bright, 2011).5.Logical FunctionsA significant advantage that transactional memory has over traditional lock-based programs is that it support is an extension of a load-link or store conditional. Load-link is an undeveloped operation that can be implemented to build many types of thread-safe constructs (Maged, 2004). This comprises both mechanisms that are known, such as locks, and unconventional data structures, such as lists that can be changed by many threads at the same time without locking at all (Alexandrescu, 2004). The creation of software transactional memory is possible through the use of load-link or store conditional. Load-link or store conditional contains two sections: firstly, it utilizes load link to recover the value from memory where it can then conduct the functions it needs to perform on that value. When there is a need to write a new value to the memory, this utilizes store conditional (Detlefs et al., 2001). Store conditional can only succeed if the memory value has not been changed after the load link. In case the value has been changed, the program has to return to the beginning and start again. These systems are restrictive because they do not follow writes to each memory bytes, but to the whole cache lines. This highlights the fact that store conditional has the potential to fail without modification of monitored value (Bright, 2011). Bright (2011) explains that store conditional is also most likely to fail if a context switch happens between the load link and store conditional. Transactional memory is a version of an enforced link load and store conditional; each thread can perform load link on several different memory locations (Maged, 2004). In addition to this, the commit operation does store conditional. This impacts on multiple locations at the same time, with each store either succeeding or failing (Bright, 2011).6.ConclusionIn conclusion, a lock-free procedure is sure to sustain the progress of a thread executing a procedure. While some threads can be put on hold arbitrarily, one thread is certain to progress each move. The whole system can then make progress despite the fact that some threads might take longer than others. It can be seen, therefore, that the use of software or hardware transactional memory presents better ways of ensuring consistency of stored data when accessed and manipulated by several concurrent threads than traditional ‘semaphore’ locking. Consequently, lock-based programs fail to provide any of the above mentioned guarantees7.ReferencesAlexandrescu, A. (2004) Lock-Free Data Structures. Available at: http://www.drdob bs.com/lock-free-data-structures/184401865 [Accessed 12th March 2014]. Bright, P. (2011) IBM’s new transactional memory: make-or-break time for multithreaded revolution. Available at: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/08/ibms-new-transactional-memory-make-or-break-time-for-multithreaded-revolution/ [Accessed 12th March 2014]. Detlefs, D., Martin, P.A., Moir, M. & Steele, G.L., (2001) ‘The Twentieth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing’, in Lock-free Reference Counting, ACM Press: New York. Maged, M.M. (2004) ‘Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2004 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation’, in Scalable Lock-free Dynamic Memory Allocation, ACM Press: New York.

Beer’s Law Problem Set Essay

Beer’s Law Problem Set Spring 2013 1. Calculate the absorbances corresponding to the following values of the percentage of transmitted light: (Provide your final answer with three decimal places) a. 95% b. 88% c. 71% d. 50% e. 17.5% f. 1% 2. A solution of a compound (1.0mM) was placed in a spectrophotometer cuvette of light path 1.05cm. The light transmission was 18.4% at 470nm. Determine the molar extinction coefficient. Include units in your answer. 3. The molar extinction coefficient of reduced NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphophate) at 340nm is 6220 L/mole ·cm. 3ml of solution containing 0.2 micromoles of NADH were placed in a cuvette of 1.05cm light path. Calculate the percentage light transmission of this sample at 340nm. 4. 3ml of a solution containing both the oxidized and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD and NADH, respectively) was placed in a 1.0cm spectrophotometer cuvette. The absorbance at 340nm (at which only the reduced form is measured) was 0.207. The absorbance at 260nm (which measures both the oxidized and reduced forms together) was 0.900. The molar extinction coefficient of NADH is 6220 L/mole ·cm, and the molar extinction coefficient at 260nm is 18,000 L/mole ·cm. Calculate the molar concentrations of oxidized and reduced forms of the nucleotide in the mixed solution. 5. A mixture of ortho, meta, and para cresoles dissolved in cyclohexane may be analyzed spectrophotometrically because each exhibits an absorption in a region where absorption due to the other cresols is negligible. The absorption maxima occur at 752nm, 776nm, and 815nm for ortho, meta, and para cresols, respectively. To test the validity of Beer’s Law for solutions of cresols, each is made up in cyclohexane at a series of concentrations and the absorbances measured. Data obtained are recorded below: Ortho Meta Para Concentration (g/100ml) 0.25 0.50 1 2 Absorbance (at 752nm) 0.120 0.235 0.465 0.820 Concentration (g/100ml) 0.60 1.15 2.35 Absorbance (at 776nm) 0.115 0.220 0.460 Concentration (g/100ml) 0.50 1 2.1 3.15 Absorbance (at 815nm) 0.09 0.2 0.415 0.60 An unknown mixture of the three cresols in cyclohexane was analyzed and the percentage of light absorbed at 752, 776, and 815nm was 27.5, 50, and 41 respectively. Determine the concentration of each cresol and the percentage of the final mixture. (Calculate your answer using 3 decimal places) (Hint: if 20% of the light is absorbed by the sample, then 80% is transmitted. Percent absorbed does not equal Absorbance. Also, the table of data above should be used to generate a graph. How would this help you?) Answers: 1) a. 0.022 b. 0.056 c. 0.149 d. 0.301 2) ~700 L/mole ·cm 3) 36.7% 4) NAD= 16.7uM , NADH= 33.3uM 5) ortho 0.259g/100ml 8.697% meta 1.549g/100ml 52.014% para 1.170g/100ml 39.288% e. 0.757 f. 2.00

Charles Hamilton Houston and Brown vs. Board essays

Charles Hamilton Houston and Brown vs. Board essays Charles Hamilton Houston and Brown vs. Board 1945-1970, a time for many, that marked the period known as the Civil Rights Movement. In reality, the Civil Rights Movement spanned from the time the first African American touched American soil as a slave. From that moment on, African Americans begin the struggle for equality and equal protection under the law, a struggle for the rights that are expressly granted to every citizen of the United States under the Constitution. The purpose of the movement was to rid the country of segregation and Jim Crow Laws, to offer African Americans an equal education as that of their Caucasian peers, and as stated before- grant African Americans the civil liberties that the forefathers of our country granted all Americans. The struggle was not easy, nor was it short, nor is it over. When one thinks of the Civil Rights Movement, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. usually comes to mind. He is the most notable, but he is not the only man that made it his lifes mission to better the opportunities presented to African Americans. From The Montgomery Bus Boycott to the March on Washington, from sit-ins to non-violent protests, the road to equality was paved with blood sweat and tears of some of the most courageous men and women, both black and white, that have graced this earth. There were many who went unnoticed, but without their contributions many of the historical events and land marked cases would have taken longer to come about, if they came into existence at all. Among the many overlooked, is Charles Hamilton Houston. Houston paved the way for the landmark case Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Without his great legal mind and strategy equal education would have been a long time in the making. Charles Hamilton Houston was born on September 3, 1895. The same year that the separate but equal doctrine came into existence after the ruling in the Plessy vs. Ferguson case w...

The middle east and conflict there in. essays

The middle east and conflict there in. essays The Jews, one of the most frequently persecuted and discriminated against groups in the world, have possessed a strong desire to return to their Holy Land and create a homogenous state there since the first century. The movement to return to the Holy Land, Zionism, was described in Hebrew religious texts and praised as a puritanical pilgrimage. However, executing the repatriation proved a much more difficult task than the holy books professed it to be. The Muslim inhabitants of the region, the vast majority of whom were opposed to a Jewish state and certainly against leaving their homeland, adversely regarded Zionism. In the struggle to establish a Zionist state, the Arabs were eventually forced to leave their country, beginning a cycle of conflict that characterized Palestine as a state since the beginning of the Zionist movement. The Palestinian Arabs, who felt their very existence was threatened by the Zionist movement, waged official and unofficial wars against the Zionists as a means of liberation. After fleeing Palestine in the first century, the Jewish people sought a return to the Holy Land for centuries to come due to the strong religious significance of the location. However, until the 19th century, Zionism was a small, unorganized movement lacking leadership. In Russia, Jews were threatened by intense religious persecution in the form of pogroms. While many Jews sought refuge in the United States, Zionism also gained popularity as a result. Led by Theodor Herzl, the Zionist movement gained significant amounts of followers during the last four years of the 19th century and continued to grow in the 20th century. The Zionist movement gained even more popularity when, in 1917, the British announced the Balfour Declaration, a document declaring that the British favored establishment of a Jewish state within Palestine. After gaining control of Palestine a month later, the British decided that negotiations between ...

Conversion Factor Definition and Examples

Conversion Factor Definition and Examples A conversion factor is the number or formula you need to convert a measurement in one set of units to the same measurement in another set of units. The number is usually given as a numerical ratio or fraction that can be used as a multiplication factor. For example, say you have a length that is measured in feet and you wish to report on it in meters. If you know that there are 3.048 feet in a meter, then you can use that as a conversion factor to determine what the same distance is in meters.   One foot is 12 inches long, and the conversion factor of 1 foot to inches is 12. In yards, 1 foot is equal to 1/3 yard (conversion factor of 1 foot to yards is 1/3) so forth. The same length is 0.3048 meters, and it is also 30.48 centimeters. To convert 10 feet to inches, multiply 10 times 12 (the conversion factor) 120 inchesTo convert 10 feet to yards, multiply 10 x 1/3 3.3333 yards (or 3 1/3 yards)To convert 10 feet to meters, multiply 10 x .3048 3.048 metersTo convert 10 feet to centimeters, multiply 10 x 30.48 304.8 centimeters Examples of Conversion Factors There many different types of measurements that sometimes require conversions: length (linear), area (two dimensional) and volume (three dimensional) are the most common, but you can also use conversion factors to convert mass, speed, density, and force. Conversion factors are used for conversions within the imperial system (feet, pounds, gallons), within the International System of Units (SI, and the modern form of the metric system: meters, kilograms, liters) or across the two.   Remember, the two values must represent the same quantity as each other. For example, its possible to convert between two units of mass (e.g., grams to pounds), but you generally cant convert between units of mass and volume (e.g., grams to gallons). Examples of conversion factors include: 1 gallon 3.78541 liters (volume)  1 pound 16 ounces (mass)  1 kilogram 1,000 grams (mass)  1 pound 453.592 grams (mass)1 minute 60000 milliseconds (time)  1 square mile 2.58999 square kilometers (area)   Using a Conversion Factor For example, to change a time measurement from hours to days, use a conversion factor of 1 day 24 hours. time in days time in hours x (1 day/24 hours) The (1 day/24 hours) is the conversion factor. Note that following the equal sign, the units for hours cancel out, leaving only the unit for days.

Why Literatura by Mario Vargas - Summury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Literatura by Mario Vargas - Summury - Essay Example e computer, can replace the books and provide the readers with all the excitement, pleasure and the inherent relationship that he develops with the concerned author as well as with the characters. According to the author, while speaking at the Royal Spanish Academy, Bill Gates had even said that his ultimate goal ‘is to put an end to paper and then to books’. Is it really that easy? Llosa says that even though the technology has restructured the priority areas of human race, the relevance and importance of literature can never lose its basic essence of providing people with the opportunity of creative imagination and at the same time, help them to understand the wider scope of human psychology through the experiences of other people. The very appeal of the literature lies on the fact that it not only provides the reader with an opportunity to grow and learn but it also goes beyond the concept of time and space. One can even go so far as to say that one can actually observe the changes or evolution because we have gleaned the process of evolving times through the literature. Indeed, Homer, Socrates, Tolstoy, Shakespeare are as important a figure today as any other contemporary writers. We understand them because we can identify ourselves in their writing. Another very important aspect of literature is that it provides the human race with the means to express their deepest feeling that facilitates platform for the future generations to learn and expand on the various facet of inter-related imagery or the real life situations that directly or indirectly may have considerable impact on other people. The books can inflame the emotions of the readers and they can also be the greatest source of inspiration for those who wish to look beyond the petty selfness of racism, prejudices and religious bigotry. The author is saddened by the fact that the reading habit in people has declined drastically, though women readers have increased. According to a survey in US in

Discussion Board 8-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 8-3 - Assignment Example They include but not limited to Person centered therapy, solution focused therapy, family system therapy, Reality therapy, narrative and feminist. These approaches to psychotherapies used in client treatment in the 21st century have been motivated by similar therapeutic goals, which revolve around symptom reduction, crisis stabilization, stabilization, and self-exploration. There is great benefit in learning more than one approach to psychotherapy. This is because the 21st century to has brought into play some new rather specific changes that continue to affect clients in different ways. We all reside in the same world but each individual seems to make different sense of what he/she see and experience (Murdock, 2013). With practitioners equipped with various counseling techniques and skills learned from different approaches to psychotherapy and counseling, they are often well placed to construct meaning from the lives of their clients more effectively during sessions unlike in cases where the therapist specializes in only one approach to therapy. In other words learning different approaches to psychotherapy and counseling boost the therapist understand different factors that affect clients lives ranging from clients interior psychological processes, behavioral and biological factors, societal and professional influences as well as cultural and communit y factors. All these challenges and views of the client’s life cannot be learned and understood using a single approach to counseling and psychotherapy, which only utilizes specify techniques, which may overlook certain needs of the

Givenchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Givenchy - Essay Example Explain 6 pictures, use 4 books and 4 websites as references/sources. I. Introduction (250 words) Hubert de Givenchy was a designer in the mid-20th century who began the famous House of Givenchy. Givenchy was the driving force behind a majority of the wardrobe of Audrey Hepburn, an actress who became a major film star with the blockbuster movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s. â€Å"Hubert†¦[was] a brilliant young designer (twenty-six to Audrey [Hepburn’s] twenty-four)[,] who had worked under de Segonzac at Schiaparelli before leaving in December of 1951†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wasson, 2010, pp. 38). He got his start in designing clothes that were elegant and fashionable—yet practical for the modern woman of his day. Some years later, Riccardo Tisci would take over his fashion empire in 2005, bringing to the House of Givenchy a drastically different style and taking the company in a new artistic direction. Known for his bold use of dark colors—especially black— Tisci took his knowledge of Givenchy’s style and put his own unique spin on that staple of the fashion industry. Here three samples from Givenchy’s work himself—as well as Tisci’s work—will be examined. It was attempted to match sample garments that, at least indirectly, resembled each other. These pieces will be analyzed in detail. The first piece is a plain black dress; the second piece is an overcoat; and the third piece is a coat. Each piece will be compared and contrasted and thoroughly analyzed in order to see what drove and drives each of these artists (Hubert and Riccardo) respectively. Finally, conclusions will be made regarding both of the artists. II. How the Socio-Cultural Environment Led to Different Artistic Interpretations (250 words) Courtesy: Rosenwald, 2011, pp. 1. In this first piece we see by Givenchy, this is a scene with Audrey Hepburn in an orange pea coat. It reminds one of the pea coats that were typical in the 1950s and 19 60s, similar to something that Jackie O might have warn. Jackie Kennedy, by the way, was also another popular devotee of Givenchy, having had many—if not a majority—of her wardrobes designed by him. Obviously, the length of this coat, and the bright color, catches one’s eye and draws one into the wearer’s visual field. Notice the high neckline, the fuzziness of the pea coat softening the appearance of Hepburn’s face. With a stunning hat, Givenchy accentuates Hepburn’s sophisticated look. Courtesy: â€Å"Paris, Feb. 28th, 2007,† 2007, pp. 1. Riccardo Tisci, as the 21st-century lead designer at House of Givenchy, came out with the Japanese mariner-style coat, pictured above, for the 2007 fashion line. Obviously not a pea coat, this style takes a page from a different culture’s playbook of an era and co-opts it in order to make a fashion statement. The industrial look is now ‘in.’ Tisci has this model dressed entirely head-to-toe in black. Strikingly sleek and visually interesting, this jacket has a short, clean cut with a lapel. The neckline is not raised at all, and this jacket is rather form-fitting instead of Givenchy’s more bulky pea coat. This highlights the 21st-century necessity for streamlined lines and utilitarianism. Any kind of frivolous use of space in the design is now wasteless, whereas it used to be fun to have features on a garment piece that were not necessarily utility features. Now, everyone is

Peter Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peter Enterprises - Essay Example An income statement represents a company’s activity or performance over a period of time. The income statement is intended to provide investors an accurate depiction of the company’s profitability over the period of time (in this case 1 year). This includes mainly the sales and cost figure of the company over the period of time. Cost which are capitalized are included in the category of either depreciation or amortization expense. The income statement is generally full of accounting assumptions; fundamentally the matching principle. The matching principle dictates that the revenues of the company should be matched with the expenses incurred during the period. Any accrued sales (Credit Sales) or expense is accounted in the income statement. Earnings from the income statement are essential criteria when investors evaluate or opt for a company to buy its share. It is earning power of the company which lifts its value and attracts the investor about the profitability of the company. In the case of Peter enterprise, it has generated a net profit of  £444,400 which is 14.79% of the sales. This implies that the net profit margin is 14.79% which is promising; however the company is profitable but we cannot jump into any conclusion unless we compare it with the industry standards for the particular year or a company which has risk similar to the Peter enterprises. (c) Peter Enterprises Balance Sheet As of 31 December 2009 Assets          Current Assets    Accounts Receivable 294,800 Stock 287,000 Total Current Assets 581,800       Fixed Assets    Machinery 1,480,000 Equipment 163,100 Motor Vans 148,700 Total Fixed Assets 1,791,800       Total Assets ?2,373,600       Liabilities          Short-term Liabilities    Trade Creditors 273,000 Bank Overdraft 54,000       Long Term Liabilities    Loan 1,500,000       Total Liabilities ?1,827,000       Net Assets or Shareholder's Equity ?546,600       Capital 417,200 Add: Net Profit 444,400 Less: Drawings 315,000 ?546,600 (d) A balance sheet shows a company’s financial position at a particular point in time (Krakhmal & Day, 2010). We can determine through balance sheet that how much financially strong and economically efficient a company is. It shows how much the company owns or how much money is owed by it. The assets are financed by either debt or equity and the balance sheet can reveal important information about it. We can compute a lot of ratios using the numbers in balance sheet and compare them with the industry standards. The most common ratios are liquidity, solvency, and profitability and efficiency ratios. A balance sheet can explain how the company is being managed. For instance, a high day on receivable implies that management is not efficient in collecting money. This impacts cash flow cycle and can cause liquidity problems for the organization. Furthermore, Solvency ratios such as the Debt/Equity ratio can provide an important insight to creditors to whether grant a loan to the organization or not. It also gives an insight to shareholders about the current worth of the company. An analysis of Peter’s balance sheet shows that it has a very high Debt/Asset ratio which is equivalent to 70%. Answer 2a) Cash Forecast for the next 6 months    Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Cash Inflows                   Cash Sales* 262000 254000 268000 288000 296000 292000

Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 5 - Essay Example economies are known to tax her citizens heavily, though the French economy is also known to exhibit high spending when compared to the German economy. A considerable percentage of French industries are nationalized, while most of the major corporations in Germany are privately owned. The two economies also differ when it comes to their trends in growth, for the German economy has been registering steadfast growth over the past twenty years while the French economy has been exhibiting slow and a somewhat declining growth (Gregory et al, 2004). Both Germany and Britain are key players of international trade. Half of Britain’s GDP for example comes from both imports and exports. That notwithstanding, I presume true the fact that international trade is more important to the German economy than it is for Britain. My argument is based on the fact that Germany has overtime ben known as one of the world’s leading exporters, and has continuously maintained surplus trading with her partners (Buell, 2015). Most of Germany’s trade partners are EU members, and analysts hold the opinion that well over a fifth of the German labor market, depend on international trade. Germany majorly exports automobile, chemicals, food products and electrical equipment. At the same time, it imports raw materials and semi-finished products. The overall impact of the European Union on the German economy has been positive, as the Eurozone has made the German economy stronger and highly stable. This is majorly because Germany has registered high economic growth since the EU came into play, with its real gross domestic product standing at in excess of 37 billion Euros annually over the last twenty years (Buell, 2015). At the same time, German exports have become more competitive within the Eurozone than when the country was using its own currency; a fact that has made Germany more dependable within the Eurozone. Nonetheless, events such as frequent bailouts of poor performing economies have

Peter Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Peter Enterprises - Essay Example An income statement represents a company’s activity or performance over a period of time. The income statement is intended to provide investors an accurate depiction of the company’s profitability over the period of time (in this case 1 year). This includes mainly the sales and cost figure of the company over the period of time. Cost which are capitalized are included in the category of either depreciation or amortization expense. The income statement is generally full of accounting assumptions; fundamentally the matching principle. The matching principle dictates that the revenues of the company should be matched with the expenses incurred during the period. Any accrued sales (Credit Sales) or expense is accounted in the income statement. Earnings from the income statement are essential criteria when investors evaluate or opt for a company to buy its share. It is earning power of the company which lifts its value and attracts the investor about the profitability of the company. In the case of Peter enterprise, it has generated a net profit of  £444,400 which is 14.79% of the sales. This implies that the net profit margin is 14.79% which is promising; however the company is profitable but we cannot jump into any conclusion unless we compare it with the industry standards for the particular year or a company which has risk similar to the Peter enterprises. (c) Peter Enterprises Balance Sheet As of 31 December 2009 Assets          Current Assets    Accounts Receivable 294,800 Stock 287,000 Total Current Assets 581,800       Fixed Assets    Machinery 1,480,000 Equipment 163,100 Motor Vans 148,700 Total Fixed Assets 1,791,800       Total Assets ?2,373,600       Liabilities          Short-term Liabilities    Trade Creditors 273,000 Bank Overdraft 54,000       Long Term Liabilities    Loan 1,500,000       Total Liabilities ?1,827,000       Net Assets or Shareholder's Equity ?546,600       Capital 417,200 Add: Net Profit 444,400 Less: Drawings 315,000 ?546,600 (d) A balance sheet shows a company’s financial position at a particular point in time (Krakhmal & Day, 2010). We can determine through balance sheet that how much financially strong and economically efficient a company is. It shows how much the company owns or how much money is owed by it. The assets are financed by either debt or equity and the balance sheet can reveal important information about it. We can compute a lot of ratios using the numbers in balance sheet and compare them with the industry standards. The most common ratios are liquidity, solvency, and profitability and efficiency ratios. A balance sheet can explain how the company is being managed. For instance, a high day on receivable implies that management is not efficient in collecting money. This impacts cash flow cycle and can cause liquidity problems for the organization. Furthermore, Solvency ratios such as the Debt/Equity ratio can provide an important insight to creditors to whether grant a loan to the organization or not. It also gives an insight to shareholders about the current worth of the company. An analysis of Peter’s balance sheet shows that it has a very high Debt/Asset ratio which is equivalent to 70%. Answer 2a) Cash Forecast for the next 6 months    Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Cash Inflows                   Cash Sales* 262000 254000 268000 288000 296000 292000

Sixth Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sixth Sense - Essay Example All this make up the technological device that has the ability to implement several applications thus showing its flexibility and usefulness. With the technology, an individual can zoom, pan, stream, draw and use free hand gestures. With the sixth sense technology, objects that would have otherwise remained in the real world have been integrated into the technological interface to be used. From the technological advancements that have been made, the technology is formed from other technologies (Gray, 12). Its technological capability is like no other, since it is the fine and final product from a mixer of technologies. The sixth sense technology is efficient, economical, and very much portable. With the technology, there is the ability for hand recognition, capturing and recapturing of images, it has a processing speed of very impressive speeds and is very much easy to handle and use (Gray, 12). To summarize the uniqueness of this technology, it is user-friendly. The technology also supports multi user interaction and also has the ability to support multi touch. This technology is one of the most advanced forms of computer based interfaces that is bound to take technology to another level (Gray,

The Atlantic World in the Early Modern Period Essay Example for Free

The Atlantic World in the Early Modern Period Essay Atlantic slave trade is a trade that involved the sale of African people to the colonies of the new world which took place in and around the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic slave trade was also referred to transatlantic slave trade and begun in the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. Most slaves were acquired through coastal trading with the Africans, nevertheless others were incarcerated by European slave traders through raiding and kidnapping. Out of many stories that have been written about the Atlantic slave trade, most of them talk mainly about the economic benefits that the trade rendered to Europe and North America and the injustices that the slaves received while in America, even though little attention has been given to the devastative effect of the damage that was done to the Africans. From this point, it is arguable that the Atlantic slave trade enriched and developed Europe and impoverished and under developed Africa. The slave trade involved commercial trading system which involved forced recruitment of African workers and their transportation to Europe. The Atlantic slave trade unlike other slave trades was capital intensive and competitive among several European countries. The participants of this trade included both the Africans and the Europeans who were both influenced by the trade The question on whether the Atlantic slave trade enriched and developed Europe and impoverished and under developed Africa can be answered under three categories of discussions that is; the social cost in Africa of forced migration, the Atlantic slave trade and the rise and expansion of the western world and the enduring legacies of the world of slaves. The costs and the benefits of the Atlantic slave trade differentiate between the private, social costs and the benefits. From the Atlantic slave trade it can be said that the people who raided and took captives from Africans and the African leaders who were involved in the buying and the selling of slaves all gained privately. It is not clear on what quantity of gains were got by the slave raiders and traders of the slave trade or the amount of losses suffered by the Africans, though it is argued from human rationality that the slave traders and raiders would not have continued with the captive business for several years if they were not getting some private gains. Due to Atlantic slave trade, there was loss of labor in Africa because most working group were taken as slaves and under population because most people were taken as slaves and others even died in the process of slave raiding. These reasons meant that Africa, unlike Europe would not have sufficient labor force that would drive the real wages and work towards making possible industrial profits. This therefore leads to the say that Europe underdeveloped Africa through Atlantic slave trade. Several arguments have been put across claiming that the Atlantic slave trade, exported to the European continent part of the African’s comparative advantage in the production of commodities for the dynamic world market. This as a result is said to have hindered the growth and development of goods production for international, markets by the African continent. Further argument has been made that the African societies have been under structured and underdeveloped as a result of the Atlantic trade. In trying to relate the wealth of the European continent and that of Africa, it can be noted that through the Atlantic trade, Europe underdeveloped Africa when a comparison between the enrichment of Europe and impoverishment of Africa through the removal of labor power in the process of slave trading is made. The slave trade was followed by the entry of the Europeans into the interior part of the coastal region. This as a result facilitated the expansion of the slave trade at the interior parts of the coastal regions. The slave comprised an element of an economic cycle which consists of three parts. The Atlantic slave trade involved four centuries that is; from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century, four continents and several people. According to the Africans and African – American scholars the slave trade would rather be called a great disaster since it involved a lot of suffering on the part of the Africans who were sold as slaves and especially those who were taken through raids and kidnapping. The suffering on the Africans was not however only felt by those who were taken as slaves but also the families of those who were taken as slaves and Africa as a whole. This is because in the process of raiding to get the slaves so many people were killed and several others injured rendering thousands of children orphans. In addition lots of property was destroyed during the raids leaving most Africans homeless and without any food. Furthermore many families lost their loved ones either by being kidnapped as slaves, being sold as slaves or being killed through the raids. Economically, Africans lost a lot, first from the destruction of property during the raids and secondly, most of the African men who were taken as slaves were the strong energetic men who could have worked in the African farms and industries to improve the economy of Africa. Other than the deaths that occurred in Africa during the acquisition of slaves, several other deaths occurred among the African captives both inside and outside America. These deaths occurred during the transportation of the Africans to the new continent, during their storage and at the preliminary landing in the new continent or so it is said. The total number of deaths that occurred is claimed to remain unknown up to this moment though the number was approximated to be between sixteen to twenty million. The Trans Atlantic slave trade was associated with cruelty and inhumanity when dealing with the African slaves which reduced the slaves to just mere commodities other than human beings. For the slaves who survived the middle passage were provided with very little amount of food, shelter and clothing and were expected to do a lot of work. The African slaves however were not enslaved for life, the slaves were paid salaries and from that they were able to acquire wealth. In addition to the salary and acquisition of wealth, the African slaves could buy their freedom and be given social promotion which was not good enough compared to the lives they could have led in their homes with their families. Looking at the economists like David Ricardo and Adam Smith they believe that the Atlantic trade impoverished Africa and advocating trade and competition are the source of maximum welfare gains to humanity. Since the occurrence of the Atlantic slave trade Africa has always been left behind with the Africans stagnating in the continent prevalent with disorders, AIDS, and negative growth rate. The Atlantic slave trade indeed contributed to the development of Europe. However according to some scholars the Atlantic trade brought mutual benefit to both Europe and Africa, for instance a comment made at the university of Bender Arena on the history of slavery and the development of America and Europe pointed out that â€Å"Africa subsidized America with all the labor provided, America subsidized Europe and therefore Africa was the mother of all subsidies. For the Europeans the Atlantic slave trade was a source of development as they believed that labor was removed from where it was totally unproductive to where it was tremendously productive. They claim that this gave an opportunity for the world output to grow far beyond what it would have been if the slaves could have been kept within the African continent. According to the Europeans it was better off for Africans to be taken to Europe and America as slaved than remain in Africa since they believed that Africans stagnate in their continent due to diseases, primitive technology and short lives. According to the Americans the slave was for the good of the Africans since they claimed that the Atlantic slave trade involved the transfer of the slaves from a region with scarce labor to a region with abundant labor. The African leaders sold away inland populations who lacked protection. In return to this the African leaders came with foreign commodities including the European gunpowder and Indian cloth among others which were some of the merchandise that the Europeans and the North Americans exchanged for the slaves. The Atlantic slave trade actually developed the European empire given that one of the reasons why the Atlantic slave trade was started was because one of the resources that were missing in the expansion of the European empires was work force. The African slaves were therefore to provide this work force to help in the expansion of European colonies. Therefore Europeans became beneficiaries of the Atlantic slave trade since through the trade they were able to expand their empires. The indigenous people had proved so unreliable in the expansion of European empire forcing the Europeans to go for more reliable work force. Most of the indigenous people were found to have been dying from diseases that were brought from Europe. On the other hand the climate was not fit for the Europeans and they also suffered from tropical diseases. The only people who were found to be reliable were the Africans who proved to be excellent workers and with their experience in agriculture and cattle keeping, they got used to the tropical climate, were resistant to tropical diseases and could be used to work very hard both in the plantations and mines. Due to this reliability, the Europeans had no option but to go for Africans whom they were convinced could work perfectly well. As a result they resorted to slave trade which they thought was the easiest way to obtain the Africans to work for them. The development of the Europeans also came about as a result of immediate planting of tobacco which they began as soon as they captured the African slaves and were therefore sure that they had sufficient labor to work in their tobacco plantations. The tobacco plantations became very productive making tobacco to become the first successful commercial crop in Europe. As a result of this slave trade plantation agriculture and sugar production also became very common in the parts of the Mediterranean which led to the production of sugar from Asia to Europe. In addition there was the production of indigo which was used in textile dyes and later became the turn toward sugar making it the most expensive commercial crop to produce in Europe. Apart from the plantation agriculture and sugar production, the Europeans also populated the African slaves in their mines and factories. In general the African slaves became very important labor force in European agricultural production. The Atlantic slave marked the revival of the European long distance trading. This was due to the first crusade which brought the European Christians into the slave trade and slave production. In addition, the Europeans got an opportunity to gain a plentiful labor supply for the exploitation of their new colonies from the Atlantic slave trade. As a result Europe began experiencing increased population growth by the sixteenth century and therefore relied so much on the migrations of her poorer peasants and urban dwellers to America to provide its American labor needs. The rise and the fall of Atlantic slave trade pose different problems to the participants. For the Africans the rise of the Atlantic slave trade was such a problem in that its effects on the African society became a critical problem in the African history. The rise of the Atlantic trade however for the European history was a multipart economic being which was centered on the production of tropical staples in America and which was to be consumed by the Europeans. The fact that this production of tropical staples was facilitated by the labor of African slaves was a very important factor for the Europeans in their competition for overseas empire in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. On the other hand the fall of the Atlantic slave trade was an important moment for the Africans as it marked a time when they were to start recollecting their lives and recovering their lost property. It also marked the end of mass killing of Africans by the slave traders. For the Europeans it marked a time when they had to seek alternative labor sources to be able to continue with their developments and productions in their plantations, farms, mines and factories. Conclusion It is a fact that development in Africa remains mysterious, not because there are poor rulers or perverted leadership in Africa but because Africa was severely destroyed in the process of slave trading and also by colonialism which came as a result slave trade. As this happens however, the Europeans continue to enjoy their success in the plantations which became successful as a result of labor force provided by the African slaves. The Atlantic trade indeed brought problems of population growth and economic development for the Africans while it became of European economic interests. The Atlantic slave trade definitely enriched and developed Europe and impoverished and under developed Africa. Bibliography Roger, Anstey. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British abolition, 1760-1810. London: Macmillan, 1975, 245- 53. Clarke, John Henrik. Christopher Columbus and the African Great Disaster. Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism London: Macmillan Press, 1999, 167- 179. Curtin, Philip D. Atlantic Slave Trade. University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, 463-69. Rescher, R. and Seymour J. From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery. London: Macmillan Press, 1999, 128- 135. Jacob Klein Herbert S. Slave Trade in the Atlantic. Cambridge: University Press, 1999, 15- 20. Thomas and Hugh. The Slave Trading: The Histories of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 1870. London: Picador, 1997, 400- 11.

Source Of Mechanical Energy Engineering Essay

Source Of Mechanical Energy Engineering Essay Introduction Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. It is a secondary energy source that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Electricity consists of the presence of electric charges, as well as the flow of those charges. There are three forms of electricity. One form is static electricity, which is the presence of either positive (+) or negative (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) electric charges in or on an object, usually a non-conducting material. The second form of electricity is the flow or movement of free electrons through a conducting material, such as a metal wire, toward an area of positive electric charges Electricity appears in two forms: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Direct current does not change directions the electron flow is always from the negative pole to the positive pole although as we mentioned before, the electrons themselves dont really move, its the holes that are created that move. Direct current is almost always what is used inside of electronic devices to power the various internal components, but it is a harmful thing in audio signals, which are alternating current. Alternating current (AC) electricity is the type of electricity commonly used in homes and businesses throughout the world. While direct current (DC) electricity flows in one direction through a wire, AC electricity alternates its direction in a back-and-forth motion. The direction alternates between 50 and 60 times per second, depending on the electrical system of the country. AC electricity is created by an AC electric generator, which determines the frequency. What is special about AC electricity is that the voltage can be readily changed, thus making it more suitable for long-distance transmission than DC electricity. But also, AC can employ capacitors and inductors in electronic circuitry, allowing for a wide range of applications. Direct current or DC electricity is the continuous movement of electrons from an area of negative (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) charges to an area of positive (+) charges through a conducting material such as a metal wire. Whereas static electricity sparks consist of the sudden movement of electrons from a negative to positive surface, DC electricity is the continuous movement of the electrons through a wire. A DC circuit is necessary to allow the current or steam of electrons to flow. Such a circuit consists of a source of electrical energy (such as a battery) and a conducting wire running from the positive end of the source to the negative terminal. Electrical devices may be included in the circuit. DC electricity in a circuit consists of voltage, current and resistance. The flow of DC electricity is similar to the flow of water through a hose. Electrical Wiring Electrical wiring system is a network of electrical conductors for carrying electrical current to the electrical equipment involved. This method is related to the wiring system for buildings in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the electric wiring system is subject to the rules established by the Energy Commission as provided under the Electricity Supply Act 1990, Electricity Regulations 1994, the MS IEC 60364:2003 Standard Electrical Installations of Building, MS 1936:2006 Electrical Installations of Building Guide To MS IEC 60364 and the MS 1979:2007 Electrical Installation of Building Code of Practice. Wiring systems used in Malaysia is very similar to the electrical wiring standards used by the United Kingdom but by the standards of the wire conductor already changed. NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD PROJECT The high-rise building electrical system For The New Town Development Sdn Bhd project, this building was a high-rise commercial building. The building comprises of 4 storey basement parking and 7 storey shopping complex and the rest are offices lot. So, for the electrical installation should at every floor there were a number of electrical panels to serve all the lighting and power requirements on that floor including the lighting, switched socket outlets, toilet exhaust fans and anything else. Some areas of the office used an open floor office systems so under floor trunking was also used here. Besides, a few of the panel were located inside the riser room of each floor. However, since each was a large area some panels needed to be located at the office area. Wiring directly from the electrical riser would be unnecessarily too long. Therefore, the electrical consultant locates these electrical panels along the corridors throughout the building. The design architect was requested to provide small rooms to house the panel. Alternatively, small electrical cabinets with lockable doors and sufficient work access and ventilation would be acceptable. If the planned building is very high example like 40 storey office building or in cases where heavy loads are located at higher levels of the building, it may be necessary to provide substations at the higher levels of the building. For the 40-storey office building, an 11/415 kV substation may be necessary at one of the upper floor. It may be located at twentieth floor, for example. All the electrical substation room spaces as explained earlier will then need to be provided except the authoritys electrical rooms. The floors of this substation would then need to be specifically designed by the appointed structural consultants to handle the loads of all the substation equipment. Based on the structures and other factors was related. We propose the installation of electricity for this building using the radial system and ring main system. Because its easier to maintain and simple system for the design and construction. In addition, using the rising main distribution system is important because the building is more than 5 levels. So, to distribute electric power at every level is appropriate to use the rising main for the building. Basement A basement is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. Basements are typically used as a utility space for a building where such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution point. In British English the word basement is used for underground floors of, for example, department stores but is used for a space below the ground floor of a house only when it is habitable, with windows and (usually) its own access. The word cellar is used to apply to any such large underground room. Subcellar is a cellar that lies further underneath. Based on the planned building project, the level of 1st to 4th is the basement. In part this is a car park. Therefore, we recommend the installation of electricity in the area using ring system. Ring system is ideal because in this part do not use electrical appliances and many others. Basement car parks.jpg Basement pendlehill1.jpg Basement Ring Main System in Basement A ring main wiring circuit is the alternative to a radial wiring circuit. In a radial wiring circuit, the wiring starts at the circuit breaker and connects to each device on the circuit (fans, outlets, lamps, etc) in turn. When it reaches the last device, the wiring simply ends. Ring main wiring goes one step further instead of ending the wiring at the last device; it pulls more wiring back from the last device to the circuit breaker, completing a loop. Ring main wiring is required in some places, and illegal in others. The main advantage to a ring main system is smaller wiring. Since each device on the ring has two hot wires connecting it to the circuit breaker (one on each side of the loop), smaller wiring can be used to safely carry the electric current. Smaller wire is both cheaper and easier to work with. It bends more easily, can be pulled around corners with less effort, and is easier to fit into the screws and connectors you need to attach it to. One other advantage is wiring distance. Wire has some small amount of resistance, and the longer the wire goes to reach the device it is powering, the more resistance it has. This results in a voltage drop over the length of the wire run (by Ohms Law), which could affect the operation of your electrical devices if it drops too low. The maximum distance from the circuit breaker around the ring is the midpoint of the ring, while the maximum distance in a radial circuit is the end of the chain. In this manner, the ring setup effectively cuts the distance to the farthest device in half. The radial system does have one advantage over ring main. If a break were to occur somewhere in the wiring loop of a ring main system, you wouldnt know it. Everything would still function normally because it is still powered from one end. However, this means that if you took advantage of the ability to run smaller wiring (and everyone does), your wire is now undersized for the current it is expected to handle because the system is no longer powered from two wires, only one. This can result in overheating of the wires, which in turn breaks down the insulation and can start a fire. In electricity supply, a ring final circuit or ring circuit (informally also ring main or just ring) is an electrical wiring technique developed and primarily used in the United Kingdom that provides two independent conductors for live, neutral and protective earth (ground) within a building for each connected load or socket. 557px-Ring_circuit.svg.png ring distribution Ring Main Distribution Size of cable used to ring system is 2.5 mm2. Installation Rules of Ring System at basement Rules for ring circuits say that the cable rating must be no less than two thirds of the rating of the protective device. This means that the risk of sustained overloading of the cable can be considered minimal. In practice, however, it is extremely uncommon to encounter a ring with a protective device other than a 30 A fuse, 30 A breaker, or 32 A breaker, and a cable size other than those mentioned above. The IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) permit an unlimited number of socket outlets to be installed on a ring circuit, provided that the floor area served does not exceed 100 m2. In practice, most small and medium houses have one ring circuit per storey, but for this building should having more. An installation designer may determine by experience and calculation whether additional circuits are required for areas of high demand; for example, it is common practice to put kitchens on their own ring circuit or sometimes a ring circuit shared with a utility room to avoid putting a heavy load at one point on the main downstairs ring circuit. A heavy concentration of load close together on a ring circuit can cause minor overloading of one of the cables if near the end of the ring, so kitchens should not be wired at one end of a ring circuit. Unfused spurs from a ring wired in the same cable as the ring are allowed to run one single or double socket (the use of two singles was previously allowed but was banned because of people replacing them with doubles) or one fused connection unit (FCU). Spurs may either start from a socket or be joined to the ring cable with a junction box or other approved method of joining cables. Triple and larger sockets are generally fused and therefore can also be placed on a spur. It is not permitted to have more spurs than sockets on the ring, and it is considered bad practice by most electricians to have spurs in a new installation (some think they are bad practice in all cases).Where loads other than BS 1363 sockets are connected to a ring circuit or it is desired to place more than one socket for low power equipment on a spur, a BS 1363 fused connection unit (FCU) is used. In the case of fixed appliances this will be a switched fused connection unit (SFCU) to provide a point of isolation for the appliance, but in other cases such as feeding multiple lighting points (putting lighting on a ring through is generally considered bad practice in new installation but is often done when adding lights to an existing property) or multiple sockets, an unswitched one is often preferable. Shopping Complex Based on commercial building a project was planned by the New Town Development Sdn Bhd. A 40 storey high building will put the shopping complex of seven stories are starting at level 5th to 11th. Thus, the electrical installation for this we propose to use a radial system. We feel the radial system is suitable for shopping complex. Because there are a lot of use of electrical appliances such as lights, air conditioners and so on. In addition, the radial system is easy to designed, built and maintained. Shopping Complex at level 5th Shopping Complex at level 5th 8th Offices In this building project, a total of 29 levels will be provided for offices start from level 12th to 40th. Based on this, we agreed to use the same method of electrical installations such as shopping complexes, namely the radial system. This method is ideal because it is easy to maintain. In addition, if there is damage to the wire. It is easily known and easily repaired than the ring system. Office Radial System in Shopping Complex and Offices The radial system is widely used, economical systems often found in low-load density areas. To reduce the duration of interruption, overhead feeders can be protected by automatic reclosing devices located at the substation or at various locations on the feeder. This device reenergizes the feeder if the fault is temporary. To further reduce the duration and extent of customer interruptions, sectionalizing fuses are installed on branches of radial feeders allowing unaffected portions of a feeder to remain in service. Radial distribution systems are the simplest systems to plan, construct, and maintain, but are also the least reliable because of the radial nature of the design being served from a single source at a time. If any part of the system experiences a failure, some or all of the customers served by the radial feeder will be without power until a repair is completed. Straightforward design, lower cost, and decent reliability are the distinguishing characteristics of the RDS. An auto-loop distribution system is a special type of radial distribution system and is differentiated by having two feeders that tie to a customer load. The auto-loop system automatically senses the loss of one source of voltage and quickly and automatically switches the load to the second feeder. This type of system adds reliability benefits by keeping outages to a few seconds (or less) but the added cost of having two sets of utility equipment at one location, could be as high as hundreds of thousands of dollars for each installation. radial distribution Radial System Radial system distribution Size of cable commonly used for circuit radius is 4 mm2 Rising Main Distribution for commercial building For multi-storey buildings such as this are ideal to use the rising system. This is because, to ensure that each level of the building is fully supplied with electricity from renewable sources of electricity. A riser is a feeding cable or pipe giving supply to upper floors of a multi-storey building (high rise building). The above picture shows a typical installation of bus duct rising mains in the riser room at individual floor of a high rise building (The Bus duct was taken in the riser room at one of the upper floors of a high rise building). Most of the major components of a bus duct riser system. In electrical works, a riser is a set of cables the supply the upper floors. The feeding cables rise up straight to the top floor. Then at each floor a tap-off unit is connected so electricity can be supplied to that floor (for this project, we propose the radial distribution system). An alternative is to run one individual set of cables to each floor. Then there would be many cables that need to be installed the number of which is directly proportional to the number of upper floors. There are actually three risers, first one is the normal main electricity supply. This supply is just the normal authority supply like the one you have in your house. The 100A tap off unit is for this riser. The second tap off, which is one of the 60A units, is what is called essential supply, or emergency supply. It is a normal authority supply like the one you have from the 100A tap off unit above. However, it is also backed by a standby diesel generator. This means that if the electricity supply from the authority distribution network fails due to problem with their underground distribution cables or whatever, the standby electric generator would kick in and switch in the locally generated electricity to this electrical riser. Large capacity electric generators are expensive. Therefore, it is not economical to supply all electricity needs in the building from this generator. That is why separate electrical risers are used, and the normal riser is not backed by the generator supply. The third tap off unit (the second 60A unit) is for the air conditioning system. It is quite common (and is considered a better design) to have a separate feeder cable for the air conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system in a large building. That is the reason for the third electrical riser here. rising main detail Rising Main Distribution Rising main distribution is use to distribute 415v 3-phase electricity from main distribution board to all floors. The copper vertical bus bars which run up in electricity cable riser. The vertical duct or trunking to the height of the building. To prevent the spread of fire and smoke, fire barriers are incorporated with the bus bar chamber at each compartment floor level. One more point to note here is that some office buildings use the generator-backed supply example like essential supply to feed the electrical riser for the air-conditioning system. With this arrangement, ACMV equipment that need to continue operating even during the mains failure do not need to be connected to ESSENTIAL supply riser, which is why it is given a separate riser in the first place. Observe the large flexible conduits coming out from the bottom of the tap off units and connect to the orange-colored electrical trunking. Some installations use rigid metal trunking for this purpose. Cables are run from a tap off unit into the flexible conduit to go to the orange metal trunking. They run inside the trunking to connect to the respective sub-switchboard. The switchboard for the air conditioning system is normally located inside the AHU room of that particular floor. From the sub-switchboards, separate outgoing cables are run inside the trunking to connect to separate distribution boards (DB) on that particular floor. Even though electrical installations at hospitals are relatively much more complex than the office building above, the installation at their hostel and staff quarters buildings are usually very simple. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG1jvbqMcfMPZ64Pr4J2UJ5qVvdNImEbdcw1SGlSjF9AHZL_VMAVoPHMRrTABDYrHusp-0MJfjOhdL7kIynicPeeheQoOnYhVYhvXmfMue6Z730Y9K5kkjkjb2lUXq12MMCuW90gq7Urt2/s320/Floor+Sub-switchboard+Picture.JPG Typical bus duct rising main at individual building floors https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPU3AmUv4GGw8iOrc9-qC4rld2Oel0Z2CfqHwz35TqvjE3ibwlKz48AEfrSRPC8pOAMBAvar6Om58TwSOEWy6OfSRE7uhNq82wB7QMM2F189ENwZtgFmm2qMmy4kw4HhsMR94_Fxxn4ISr/s320/Electrical+Busduct+Riser+Picture.jpg The electrical riser room Basically, there only two new components at each riser, which is the Termination Box (Feed In Box) and the incoming cables that terminate into the termination box. The generator-backed Essential supply cables need to have red colored insulation. It is because this supply is part of the fire emergency system of the building. A fire-rated cable must be able to continue operating for a certain number of hours during fire before it fails. This is the requirement. It used to be MICC (mineral insulated copper cables) cables that play this role, but now people use mostly the fire-rated cables for this purpose except in very special installation condition. The fire-rated cables are cheaper, easy to install and maintain. The black-colored cables are from the Normal supply. That means the other ends of the cables are connected to the Normal Supply main switchboard. While the red cables are connected to the Essential Supply main switchboard. Which means the Essential Supply main switchboard is the one that is backed by the standby electric generator. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQT8fbAQ3w6sTZTi8-p_E2kbXGhTuPtNdYzFSC40yMOTHmxvw5clMIs5KQ6eRGdpu-i7xZQIZdbwQ-V-4-HOEZuyFoQHhNWAZFMnUWx7zXoyddOdt2GqeveBPUwyPAztleS5QRmBMpLLFX/s320/Busbar+Trunking+Picture.jpg The bus duct risers at riser room https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCiiFZKXbjsxN2Af2zgQD-_Or_-lTFB46wCfar-wZeuaBcoykCKGSjhUIT_pUhnk3-Yj6N_UMO5lLjo5-pcF4q8b6fJXI5kX2Dx-T9CGoKi4zTiQn6AfrRKahSlATv8lrPZojJEOvP47KW/s320/60+A+TPN+Tap+Off+Unit+Image.jpg The front view of one of the 60A TPN tap off units https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKu2kLv42rPYG01Aqgv5arfrXzcrwi8AW7udhPk_8bP6B7rfGcrLrPBbNepFzoSmbvf11IWm5BO1zxFkMbdhnZEpDCWVFDn6dzUHKxRA8Q5gz_Q4JXJUCOEikrmuvD-scn8aJEdD_WOrEf/s320/Busduct+Conductors+Arrangement+Image.JPG A closer view of the vertical bus duct showing the arrangement of the conductors inside Cables and busways A busbar trunking system comprises a set of conductors protected by an enclosure. Used for the transmission and distribution of electrical power, busbar trunking systems have all the necessary features for fitting: connectors, straights, angles, fixings, etc. The tap-off points placed at regular intervals make power available at every point in the installation. A busbar trunking is placed at the offices. http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/c/c9/FigE37.jpg Busbar trunking system design for distribution of currents from 25 to 4000A. The various types of busbar trunking Busbar trunking systems are present at every level in electrical distribution: from the link between the transformer and the low voltage switch switchboard (MLVS) to the distribution of power sockets and lighting to offices, or power distribution to workshops. http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/3/32/FigE38.jpg Radial distribution using busways at the offices There are essentially three categories of busways that we proposed for the commercial building, that is; 1) Transformer to MLVS busbar trunking Installation of the busway may be considered as permanent and will most likely never be modified. There are no tap-off points. Frequently used for short runs, it is almost always used for ratings above 1,600 /2,000 A, i.e. when the use of parallel cables makes installation impossible. Busways are also used between the MLVS and downstream distribution switchboards. The characteristics of main-distribution busways authorize operational currents from1,000 to 5,000 A and short-circuit withstands up to 150 kA. 2) Sub-distribution busbar trunking with low or high tap-off densities Downstream of main-distribution busbar trunking, two types of applications must be supplied: Mid-sized premises (industrial workshops with injection presses and metalwork machines or large supermarkets with heavy loads). The short-circuit and current levels can be fairly high (respectively 20 to 70 kA and 100 to 1,000 A). Small sites (workshops with machine-tools, textile factories with small machines,supermarkets with small loads). The short-circuit and current levels are lower (respectively 10 to 40 kA and 40 to 400 A). Sub-distribution using busbar trunking meets user needs in terms of: Modifications and upgrades given the high number of tap-off points Dependability and continuity of service because tap-off units can be connected under energized conditions in complete safety The sub-distribution concept is also valid for vertical distribution in the form of 100 to 5,000 A risers in tall buildings. 3) Lighting distribution busbar trunking Lighting circuits can be distributed using two types of busbar trunking according to whether the lighting fixtures are suspended from the busbar trunking or not. Busbar trunking designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures These busways supply and support light fixtures (industrial reflectors, discharge lamps, etc.). They are used in supermarkets, department stores and warehouses. The busbar trunkings are very rigid and are designed for one or two 25 A or 40 A circuits. They have tap-off outlets every 0.5 to 1 m. Busbar trunking not designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures Similar to prefabricated cable systems, these busways are used to supply all types of lighting fixtures secured to the building structure. They are used in commercial buildings (offices, shops, restaurants and etc.), especially in false ceilings. The busbar trunking is flexible and designed for one 20 A circuit. It has tap-off outlets every 1.2 m to 3 m. Busbar trunking systems are suited to the requirements of a large number of buildings. Industrial buildings: garages, workshops, farm buildings, logistic centers, etc. Commercial areas: stores, shopping malls, supermarkets, hotels, etc. Tertiary buildings: offices, schools, hospitals, sports rooms, cruise liners, etc. Examples of Canalis busbar trunking systems http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/3/39/FigE40.jpg Flexible busbar trunking not capable of supporting light fittings  : Canalis KDP (20 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/5/5c/FigE41.jpg Rigid busbar trunking able to support light fittings  : Canalis KBA or KBB (25 and 40 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/b/b3/FigE42.jpg Lighting duct  : Canalis KBX (25 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/a/a5/FigE43.jpg A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KN (40 up to 160 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/5/52/FigE44.jpg A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KS (100 up to 1000A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/4/47/FigE45.jpg A busway for high power distribution: Canalis KT (800 up to 1000 A) Trunking and Conduit System in Commercial Building https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-r1reZ_0ge0WJbMfCi3pBCQkHN7QEi_m1yk4w3wBt8_t5I0o2SwbnzaD_wwlNxrJz-8R9ClUtzU32KuA1OmY_IWCmnMiq552xdS_bxwSVypM_K6cD4nZY1Vw80o90NleBrzE86SzWbviJ/s320/Mechanical+and+Electrical+Coordination+Picture.jpg Conduit and trunking This picture shows how the electrical conduit and trunking installation should be coordinated with water pipes on the building. Trade subcontractors (water piping sub-contractors, electrical sub-contractors, telephone cabling contractor, computer network contractor and others) must not be allowed to proceed with the installation of their individual services and equipment on the first come, first served basis. Prior to the commencement of the installation works by trade sub-contractors, a set of proper coordinated drawings, endorsed by all relevant parties, should be made available to all the sub-contractors involved in a particular area. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ0mTCdoX5IZR4xzd5pITsk4dlv23SIyympxCCQooj3mlQ5rY5xlAhurJSkRJcg7017lrM5QPI8H88ZC-njC4AuqSXDvviwI1L1XpWWShOqRIh935F60LRTRYV_OzrkZnhD_DtnS6lcdZs/s320/Below+Slab+Trunking+Installation+Photo.jpg Electric trunking running below soffit of a concrete floor slab There is no electrical installation work of a significant size can be done properly without the use of an electric trunking. A trunking is a larger size of a conduit. When you need to run a number of electric conduits along each other for a significant distance, then consider using a trunking in place of the conduits. There are so many sizes you can choose from. The above picture is an example of a trunking installation above ceiling level, under the soffit of the concrete floor slab. we also labeled some of the other services there for the benefit of those non-electrical readers who need pictures like this for reference, to know what is what among the myriads of pipes, conduits and trunking running above the ceiling level. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74_-5Q3YcwonqbMAarNFJgWxKHWgW30geJaMhy9_4_Ab31GhA8-BfzPJJjKvwiH_aYwHeWXOozSFGxpIkrKSdCu7T_xo_wP-jsC6T5y_KPx_a9TnFx54XZ-XR2ORiTJ_oJ_wqIHhdJ0UH/s320/Wiring+Trunking+Picture.jpg Electrical trunking in and out of the electric panels There are electrical trunking connecting the panels at above and below the panels. But the box-up walls have hid them. This picture is metal trunking. In future, the maintenance electrician would need to access and open the cover of the trunking in the repair and upgrading works. Therefore, a means of access is required, which was not provided at all at the mock-up unit. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYDWPffiHIeYi95uH4gebCHSr9ev3T6GHRzQV-QqWtScJyZXKk03dv286wOh_kzw-WY0axMsPaqHVkhFeJT8ILGfpW0WFR4BQmdtDvgwMsDS-LAgqsHLfV8PkXgtT2Jp4P20uzGK_tzeVX/s320/Underfloor+Trunking+Installation+Photo.jpg Under floor trunking installation The under floor trunking system has been around for a long time. An under floor trunking system is an alternative way of providing the dedicated routes to run electrical cables, telephone cables or any other wiring cables. An 11KV cable is not a wiring cable. A 25 sq.mm electrical feeder cable to supply an 11 KW fire pump panel is not a wiring cable. The 1.5 sq.mm cables that are used for wiring the office lights are categorized wiring cables. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiprMd7B1CGR7ThZUcxbDtfWnK9Pa7eYc6DShT0_Saa3wPZXqzBxQ7-cDwGPcikGigKCiEy1yKiQAvyvNxjq9T-Xq-LuXXFLv0_H2OGVcv2A2zckmD1qHM97hvFQuzrClOARA68asSgYEnF/s320/Surface+Conduit+Installation+Picture.jpg Surface conduits The conduits are used to protect the wiring cables that carry the electrical current. Electricity is dangerous. Even though the electric conductors that carry the current is insulated by some PVC covering materials or whatever, the covering material is not strong enough to protect the cable from damage. When the covering is damaged, the electrical conductor inside may be exposed to touch or it can also unintentionally come into contact with things that can carry electric current. This scenario would present a high risk of electric shocks. Therefore, we protect the electric cables so that they do not present the dangers of electric shocks to people (or animals). A second reason to protect the cables is to make sure the electrical system stays reliable. When the cable PVC covering is damaged, the conducting metal can come into contact with other metals that are in contact with earth. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq5LI6AJTJc5245GJU-CvTZj1TL6P7BqxF9s8JBZxAcw62-85yiV6ViAJmyj8_05BTW1wgRs5IHEIVJtmsSLCsRW-UJEWnT96qKyyskRYMxeUTgtqzvoAO64hyGsQAdXVHM3NY-gFoAQu6/s320/Overhead+Projector+Installation+Picture.jpg A motorized overhead projector The electrical contractor produced a mock-up unit of the installation bracket for motorized overhead projector. The overhead projector was for meeting rooms (offices level). There were about thirty units to be installed through the building. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7aF3vu2BwL8TjWZGdsXBxCi8Kgc8LGhxxS1HSF4vowWZH9UZqHl5y_u4RBGx_-hgEhGBkKU1az-ltJNuQ6na98k1SgX4BocO-SxW_uCVfXflTzoUUDVOUesPS77LFIkuFDc7K45AHjbug/s320/Feeder+pillar+picture.jpg Compound lighting feeder pillar A building construction of significant size is usually not complete without at least one small outdoor weatherproof feeder pillar. High rise building electric closets https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6_0HHvjOR-A2XjMqO0jBc07Vec0-Nt4uhANslPzSLszkuFGH2XRTEGLHDmVbq2HrNhLWKAumoTphkUj5USPh90ZXAPS6TV0TmMizr5oct8Lz_6F44mw2Bz35UrKmecXCMAWFzmx8fcfkG/s320/Electric+Closet+Picture.jpg Electric closet The electric closet in the following pictures has been done for a multi storey bui